Icungu, Itugu
Ijosi n'igitugu ni isano n'ibice by'inzibacyuho hagati y'icupa no kurwara. Bagomba gukorerwa ukurikije imiterere na kamere yibirimo, ihujwe nuburyo, ingano yububiko hamwe nibisabwa byimbaraga zumubiri wicupa. Mugihe kimwe, ingorane zo gutakaza imashini no kuzura bigomba no gusuzumwa. Reba ubwoko bwikidodo bukoreshwa mugihe uhitamo diameter yijosi. Umubano hagati yimbere yicupa umunwa nubushobozi bwamacupa hamwe nuburyo bwo gushiraho urudozi bukoreshwa kurutonde.
Niba ibirimo bizashyirwa ahagaragara mubikorwa byumwuka usigaye mumacupa yicyumba, gusa icupa rya diameter ntoya aho hashobora gukoreshwa umwuka.
Icya kabiri, bigomba kwihatira gukora ibikubiye mu icupa rishobora gusukwa neza mu kindi kintu, gifite akamaro cyane cyane ku binyobwa, imiti n'inzoga nyinshi. Igihe cyose inzibacyuho kuva ku gice cyijimye cyicupa ku ijosi ryamacupa ryatoranijwe neza, amazi arashobora gusukwa mumacupa atuje. Icupa rifite irangi rya gahoro gahoro kandi ryoroshye kuva kumubiri wicupa kugeza mu ijosi ryemerera amazi gusukwa gutuza cyane. Ihuriro ryindege mu icupa ritera guhagarika amazi, bigatuma bigora gusuka amazi mubindi bikoresho. Birashoboka gusa iyo yiswe umwuka wo mu kirere avugana n'ikirere kibakikije kugira ngo asuke amazi atuje mu icupa ritunguranye kuva mu ijosi.
Niba ibiri mumacupa bitangana, igice kiremereye kizagenda kiguruka hepfo. Muri iki gihe, icupa ryinzibacyuho itunguranye kuva mu ijosi ijosi igomba kuba yaratoranijwe cyane, kuko igice kinini cyibirimo cyatandukanijwe nuburyo ubwo busuka.
Uburyo rusange bwuzuye bwijosi nigitugu byerekanwe ku gishushanyo cya 6-26.
Imiterere y'ijosi ihujwe n'ijosi ry'icupa n'icupa ry'icupa hepfo, bityo ishusho y'ijosi ry'icupa rirashobora kugabanywamo ibice bitatu: umurongo wo hagati y'ijosi n'umurongo w'ijosi. Hindura hamwe nimpinduka.
Imiterere n'umurongo bihindura ijosi ry'icupa kandi imiterere yayo biterwa n'imiterere rusange y'icupa, ishobora kugabanywa mu bwoba), ubwoko bw'ijosi mu buryo bugufi (vino). Ubwoko butagira ijosi muri rusange bujyanye nijora kumurongo wumurongo, mugihe ubwoko bugufi bufite ijosi bufite ijosi rigufi gusa. Imirongo igororotse, convex arcs cyangwa arcs concave akenshi ikoreshwa; Kubwoko burebure bwijosi, ijosi ni rirerire, rishobora guhindura cyane imiterere yijora, ijosi nijora ryumurongo, rizatuma icupa rishya. Umva. Ihame shingiro nuburyo bwo kwerekana ubwenge ni ukugereranya ingano, inguni, na curvature ya buri gice cyijosi wongeyeho kandi ukuyemo. Ubu buryo ntabwo bugereranije bwijosi ubwabwo, ariko kandi bugomba kwita ku mibanire itandukanye n'imiterere rusange y'icupa. Guhuza umubano. Kuburyo bwo gucumbika bugomba kwandikwa ikirango cyijosi, kwitabwaho bigomba kwishyurwa kumiterere nuburebure bwikiranga.
Hejuru yigitugu icupa ijyanye nijosi ingumi kandi hepfo ihujwe numubiri wicupa, nikihe gice cyingenzi cyamacupa kumirongo yicupa.
Umurongo wurusengero urashobora kugabanywamo "igitugu ngo", "Gutera Urutugu", "Urutugu ruhanamye", "Urutugu rwubwiza" kandi "Urutugu". Imiterere itandukanye yigitugu irashobora kubyara ibitugu byinshi bitandukanye binyuze muburyo bworoshye, inguni numurongo wibitugu.
Imiterere itandukanye y'ibitugu ifite ingaruka zitandukanye ku mbaraga za kontineri.
Umubiri wa icupa
Icupa ryumubiri nimiterere nyamukuru yikirahure, kandi imiterere yayo irashobora kuba itandukanye. Igicapo 6-28 cyerekana imiterere itandukanye yicyiciro cyambukiranya. Ariko, muriyi miterere, gusa uruziga rurahangayikishijwe cyane, hamwe nimbaraga nziza zubaka nibikorwa byiza byo gukora, kandi amazi yikirahure biroroshye gukwirakwiza neza. Kubwibyo, ibirahuri bikeneye kwihanganira igitutu muri rusange kizenguruka mugice cyambukiranya. Igicapo 6-29 cyerekana imiterere itandukanye yamacupa yinzoga. Nubwo byanditse gute, igice cyambukiranya kirazengurutse.
Mugihe ushushanya amacupa adasanzwe - ubwoko bwicupa nubunini bwurukuta bigomba guhitamo neza kandi byateguwe ukurikije icyerekezo cyimishahara. Gukwirakwiza Stress murukuta rwa tetrahedral. Uruziga rutagatifu mu gishushanyo cyerekana umurongo wo guhagarika zeru, imirongo ikurikiranye ku mpande enye zijyanye no hanze y'uruziga rugereranya inkuta za terefone, kandi imirongo ikurikira ijyanye n'inkuta enye imbere y'uruziga mu ruziga rugereranya imihangayiko.
Usibye amacupa adasanzwe adasanzwe (amacupa ya intwaro, amacupa ya antibiotic, nibindi bikoresho byo gupakira ikiruhuko (ubuziranenge bwigihugu, ibipimo byigihugu) bifite amabwiriza yihariye yubunini bwumubiri wicupa. Kugirango ukoreshe isoko, ibikoresho byo gupakira ibirahuri, uburebure ntabwo bwasobanuwe, gusa kwihanganira kwitonda byasobanuwe. Ariko, mugihe ushushanya imiterere yicupa, usibye gutekereza ku buryo bwo gukora no guhuza ibisabwa bifatika, ergonomique ibisabwa bifatika, ergonomics nabyo bigomba no gusuzumwa, ni ukuvuga uburyo bwiza bujyanye n'imikorere n'imikorere.
Kugirango ukuboko kwabantu gukoraho imiterere, ubugari bwugari bwamaboko no kugenda kwa ukuboko bigomba gusuzumwa, kandi ibipimo ngenderwaho bifitanye isano nukuboko bigomba gusuzumwa muburyo. Igipimo cyabantu nimwe mumakuru yibanze mubushakashatsi bwa ergonomics. Diameter ya kontineri igenwa nubushobozi bwa kontineri. 5cm. Usibye ibikoresho byintego byihariye, muri rusange, diameter ntarengwa ya kontineri igomba kuba itarenze 2. 5CM. Iyo diameter ntarengwa irenze 9cm, ikintu cyo gufatanya kizanyerera byoroshye mumaboko. Diameter diameter igereranije, kugirango ikore ingaruka zikomeye. Diameter nuburebure bwa kontineri nayo ifitanye isano n'imbaraga zafashwe. Birakenewe gukoresha kontineri ifite imbaraga nini zo gufata, hanyuma ushireho intoki zawe zose iyo ubifashe. Kubwibyo, uburebure bwa kontineri igomba kuba burererwa kuruta ubugari bwamaboko; Kubikoresho bidasaba gufata byinshi, ugomba gusa gushyira intoki nkeneye gusa kuri kontineri, cyangwa ukoreshe ikiganza cyawe kugirango ubifate, kandi uburebure bwa kontineri burashobora kuba bigufi.
Agatsinsino
Agatsinsino k'icupa nicyicaro gihuza umubiri wicupa hamwe nicupa hasi, nuburyo muri rusange bumvira ibikenewe muburyo rusange. Ariko, imiterere yamacungushye agatsinsino gafite ingaruka zikomeye ku bwenge bw'icupa. Imiterere yinzibacyuho nto ya arc naho hepfo yicupa irakoreshwa. Imbaraga zo mu mbogamizi zihagaritse zimiterere ni ndende, kandi imashini ihindagurika nimbaraga zubushyuhe bwubushyuhe harimo abakene. Ubunini bwo hasi buratandukanye kandi bwimbere. Iyo ikorerwa imashini cyangwa ihungabana ryubushyuhe, biroroshye cyane gucamo hano. Icupa ryahinduwe na arc nini, kandi igice cyo hepfo gihujwe nicupa hepfo muburyo bwo gutuza. Guhangayikishwa n'imbere mu gihugu ni gito, ihungabana rya mashini, ihungabana ry'amatara n'amazi yatunguye amazi, kandi imbaraga zo gupfukaho ni nziza kandi. Umubiri wicupa hamwe nicupa hepfo ni imiterere yinzibacyuho yinzibacyuho, ifite ingaruka nziza zubukanishi nimbaraga zubushyuhe, ariko ubushyuhe buhagaritse imbaraga hamwe namazi meza imbaraga.
Jambo hepfo icupa
Hasi y'amacupa iri munsi yicupa kandi akina uruhare rwo gushyigikira kontineri. Imbaraga nuburakari byo hepfo yicupa ni ngombwa cyane. Icupa ryikirahure Pettoms muri rusange ryateguwe ko ari igikoni, kirashobora kugabanya ingingo zitumanaho mu ndege no kongera umutekano. Hasi y'icupa n'agatsinsino k'icupa ARC ashimangira arc, kandi inzibacyuho nini ARC ifite akamaro ko kunoza imbaraga icupa kandi irashobora. Radius yinguni hepfo yicupa irumvikana cyane kumusaruro. Inguni zizengurutse zigenwa nuburyo bwo guhuza umubiri wa fald nubutaka. Niba guhuza uburyo bwo gukora kandi hepfo yubutaka bufite pelpendicular kuri axis yibicuruzwa, ni ukuvuga inzibacyuho zizengurutse kugeza ku mfuruka, birasabwa gukoresha ibipimo bifatika bizengurutse inguni.
Ukurikije imiterere yo hepfo yicupa yabonetse niyi mibare, ikintu cyo gusenyuka cyamacupa kirashobora kwirindwa mugihe urukuta rw'icupa ruto.
Niba impande zombi zakozwe kumubiri wa fald, ni ukuvuga umubiri wa fald wakozwe nuburyo bwitwa uburyo bwiyongera, nibyiza gufata ubunini bwa mfuruka bwicupa hepfo. Kuri ibyo bicuruzwa bisaba urukuta rubyimbye munsi yicupa, ibipimo byashyizwe kumeza hejuru nabyo birahari. Niba hari ikirahuri cyijimye hafi yinzibacyuho uhereye munsi yicupa mu mubiri wicupa, hepfo yibicuruzwa ntabwo bizasenyuka.
Hafi yizuba rizengurutse ibicuruzwa bifite diameter nini. Inyungu nuko ishobora kuba nziza kwihanganira igitutu cyatewe nimibabaro imbere yikirahure. Ku ngingo hamwe na fatizo, gupima imihangayiko y'imbere byerekanaga ko ikirahuri kiri mu mpande zombi zari mu kwikuramo aho kuba impagarara. Niba bakorewe umutwaro unyeganyega, ikirahuri ntikizageraho.
Hasi ya convex irashobora kwemeza umutekano wibicuruzwa. Imiterere nubunini byayo mubyukuri bikozwe muburyo butandukanye, bitewe n'ubwoko bw'icupa n'amacupa akoresha imashini ikoreshwa.
Ariko, niba arc ari nini cyane, agace gashyigikiwe kazagabanuka kandi hazamuka icupa rizagabanuka. Mumeze neza ubwiza bwicupa kandi burashobora, ubunini bwicupa bushingiye ku bunini bwipaki, kandi iharanira kugira itandukaniro ryicupa ryamacupa ryicupa no kugabanya imihangayiko yimbere.
Igihe cya nyuma: APR-15-2022