Ibisobanuro by'ibirahuri bikoreshwa cyane mubikoresho bifasha imiti mvaruganda. Ibikoresho byose bibisi bishobora kubora (gazi) mubushyuhe bwinshi mugihe cyo gushonga kwikirahure kugirango bitange gaze cyangwa bigabanye ubukonje bwamazi yikirahure kugirango biteze kurandura ibibyimba mumazi yikirahure byitwa ibisobanuro. Ukurikije uburyo bwo gusobanura ibirahuri, birashobora kugabanywamo: okiside ya okiside (ikunze kwitwa: okisijene isobanura), ibisobanuro bya sulfate (bizwi cyane nka: gusobanura sulfure), ibisobanuro bya halide (bikunze kwitwa: gusobanura halogene) hamwe no gusobanura neza ( bisanzwe bizwi nka: Gusobanura neza).
1. Oxide isobanura neza
Oxide isobanura cyane cyane arsenic yera, antimoni oxyde, nitrate ya sodium, nitrate ya amonium, na cerium oxyde.
1. Arsenic yera
Arsenic yera, izwi kandi nka arsenous anhydride, nikintu gikunze gukoreshwa gisobanura ibintu byiza cyane. Bizwi cyane nka "Clarification King" mu nganda zikirahure. Ariko arsenic yera igomba gukoreshwa ifatanije na nitrate kugirango igere ku ngaruka nziza yo gusobanura. Arsenic yera irashonga gato mumazi akonje kandi igashonga byoroshye mumazi ashyushye. Nuburozi cyane. Nifu ya kirisiti yera cyangwa ibintu bya amorphous ibirahuri. Nkibicuruzwa bya zahabu ishonga, imvi za arsenic akenshi ziba imvi, imvi cyangwa umukara-umukara. Ikoreshwa cyane nkumukozi usobanura. arsenic. Iyo arsenic yera ishyutswe kuri dogere zirenga 400, izabyara pentoxide ya arsenic hamwe na ogisijeni yarekuwe na nitrate ku bushyuhe bwinshi. Iyo ashyutswe kuri dogere 1300, pentoxide ya arsenic izabora kugirango itange arsenic trioxide, igabanya umuvuduko wigice cya gaze mubirahuri. Ifasha gukura kw'ibibyimba kandi byihutisha kurandura ibibyimba, kugirango tugere ku ntego yo gusobanurwa.
Ingano ya arsenic yera muri rusange ni 0.2% -0,6% yumubare wicyiciro, naho nitrate yatangijwe ikubye inshuro 4-8 ingano ya arsenic yera. Gukoresha cyane arsenic yera ntabwo byongera guhindagurika gusa, ahubwo binangiza ibidukikije kandi byangiza umubiri wumuntu. Garama 0,06 ya arsenic yera irashobora gutera urupfu. Kubwibyo, mugihe ukoresheje arsenic yera, hagomba gushyirwaho umuntu udasanzwe kugirango uyigumane kugirango wirinde uburozi. Ikirahuri hamwe na arsenic yera nkibikoresho bisobanutse byoroshye kugabanya no kwirabura ikirahuri mugihe cyo gukora itara, bityo arsenic yera igomba gukoreshwa gake cyangwa idakoreshwa mubirahuri byamatara.
2. Antide ya oxyde
Ingaruka yo gusobanura okiside ya antimoni isa niyya arsenic yera, kandi igomba no gukoreshwa ifatanije na nitrate. Ubushyuhe bwo gusobanuka no kubora byo gukoresha antimoni oxyde iri munsi yubwa arsenic yera, bityo okiside ya antimoni ikoreshwa nkumukozi usobanura mugihe ushonga ikirahure. Mu kirahuri cya soda lime silikate, 0.2% antimoni oxyde na 0.4% ya arsenic yera ikoreshwa nkibisobanuro, bifite ingaruka nziza yo gusobanura kandi birashobora gukumira kubyara ibibyimba bya kabiri.
3. Nitrate
Nitrate yonyine ntikoreshwa gake nkibikoresho bisobanura mubirahure, kandi mubisanzwe ikoreshwa nkumuterankunga wa ogisijeni ufatanije na oxyde ya valence ihindagurika.
4. Cerium dioxyde
Cerium dioxyde ifite ubushyuhe bwo kubora kandi ni ikintu cyiza gisobanura neza, gikoreshwa cyane nkibikoresho fatizo. Iyo ikoreshejwe nkibintu bisobanutse, ntabwo ikeneye guhuzwa na nitrate, kandi irashobora kurekura ogisijeni ubwayo mubushyuhe bwinshi kugirango byihute gusobanurwa. Kugirango ugabanye ibiciro, ikoreshwa kenshi hamwe na sulfate mugukora imipira yikirahure kugirango igere ku ngaruka nziza zo gusobanurwa.
2. Sufate isobanura neza
Sulfate ikoreshwa mu kirahure ahanini ni sodium sulfate, barium sulfate, calcium sulfate, na sulfate hamwe n'ubushyuhe bwo kubora cyane, bikaba ari ubushyuhe bwo hejuru busobanura ibintu. Iyo sulfate ikoreshwa nkibintu bisobanutse, nibyiza kuyikoresha ifatanije na nitrate ya okiside, kandi ntishobora gukoreshwa ifatanije nigabanya kugabanya sulfate kubora kubushyuhe buke. Sulfate isanzwe ikoreshwa mu kirahure cy'icupa no mu kirahure kiringaniye, kandi igipimo cyayo ni 1.0% -1.5% by'icyiciro.
3. Hagarika umukozi usobanura
Ahanini ushizemo fluoride, sodium chloride, chloride amonium nibindi. Fluoride ni fluorite na sodium fluorosilicate. Ingano ya fluor ikoreshwa nkibikoresho bisobanutse muri rusange ibarwa hashingiwe kuri 0.5% ya fluor yinjiye mu cyiciro. Igipimo rusange cya sodium fluorosilicate ni 0.4% -0,6% yumubare wa oxyde ya sodium mubirahure. Mugihe cyo gushonga kwa fluor, igice cya fluor kizabyara hydrogène hydrogène, fluor silicon, na sodium fluoride. Uburozi bwabwo buruta ubwa dioxyde de sulfure. Ingaruka ku kirere igomba kwitabwaho mugihe uyikoresheje. Guhumeka no guhindagurika kwa sodium chloride ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru birashobora guteza imbere ibisobanuro byamazi yikirahure. Igipimo rusange ni 1,3% -3.5% byibikoresho. Byinshi bizigana ikirahure. Bikunze gukoreshwa nkibisobanuro byikirahure kirimo boron.
Bane, bisobanutse neza
Ikomatanyirizo risobanura cyane cyane inyungu eshatu zisobanutse zo gusobanura ogisijeni, gusobanura sulfuru no gusobanura halogen mubisobanuro, kandi bigatanga umukino wuzuye kubikorwa byoguhuza no kurenza urugero kuri bitatu, bishobora kugera ku ngaruka zo gukomeza gusobanurwa no kuzamura cyane ibisobanuro ubushobozi. Nibisobanuro bimwe. Intumwa ntagereranywa. Ukurikije icyiciro cyiterambere, hariho: igisekuru cya mbere cyibisobanuro bisobanutse, igisekuru cya kabiri cyibisobanuro hamwe nibisekuru bya gatatu bisobanurwa neza. Igisekuru cya gatatu cyibisobanuro byiswe nanone byitwa igisekuru gishya cyibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije, bifite icyatsi kandi cyangiza ibidukikije. Azwiho umutekano no gukora neza, nicyerekezo cyiterambere cyigihe kizaza cyinganda zikora ibirahure hamwe nuburyo byanze bikunze bwo kugera kubintu bitarimo arsenic mubikorwa byikirahure. Igipimo rusange ni 0.4% -0,6% byicyiciro. Ibisobanuro bisobanutse byakoreshejwe cyane mubirahure by'amacupa, imipira y'ibirahure (alkali yo hagati, idafite alkali), ikirahuri cyimiti, ikirahure cyumuriro wamashanyarazi, ikirahuri cya elegitoronike, ibirahuri-ceramika nibindi birahure. Inganda.
2. Sufate isobanura neza
Sulfate ikoreshwa mu kirahure ahanini ni sodium sulfate, barium sulfate, calcium sulfate, na sulfate hamwe n'ubushyuhe bwo kubora cyane, bikaba ari ubushyuhe bwo hejuru busobanura ibintu. Iyo sulfate ikoreshwa nkibintu bisobanutse, nibyiza kuyikoresha ifatanije na nitrate ya okiside, kandi ntishobora gukoreshwa ifatanije nigabanya kugabanya sulfate kubora kubushyuhe buke. Sulfate isanzwe ikoreshwa mu kirahure cy'icupa no mu kirahure kiringaniye, kandi igipimo cyayo ni 1.0% -1.5% by'icyiciro.
3. Hagarika umukozi usobanura
Ahanini ushizemo fluoride, sodium chloride, chloride amonium nibindi. Fluoride ni fluorite na sodium fluorosilicate. Ingano ya fluor ikoreshwa nkibikoresho bisobanutse muri rusange ibarwa hashingiwe kuri 0.5% ya fluor yinjiye mu cyiciro. Igipimo rusange cya sodium fluorosilicate ni 0.4% -0,6% yumubare wa oxyde ya sodium mubirahure. Mugihe cyo gushonga kwa fluor, igice cya fluor kizabyara hydrogène hydrogène, fluor silicon, na sodium fluoride. Uburozi bwabwo buruta ubwa dioxyde de sulfure. Ingaruka ku kirere igomba kwitabwaho mugihe uyikoresheje. Guhumeka no guhindagurika kwa sodium chloride ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru birashobora guteza imbere ibisobanuro byamazi yikirahure. Igipimo rusange ni 1,3% -3.5% byibikoresho. Byinshi bizigana ikirahure. Bikunze gukoreshwa nkibisobanuro byikirahure kirimo boron.
Bane, bisobanutse neza
Ikomatanyirizo risobanura cyane cyane inyungu eshatu zisobanutse zo gusobanura ogisijeni, gusobanura sulfuru no gusobanura halogen mubisobanuro, kandi bigatanga umukino wuzuye kubikorwa byoguhuza no kurenza urugero kuri bitatu, bishobora kugera ku ngaruka zo gukomeza gusobanurwa no kuzamura cyane ibisobanuro ubushobozi. Nibisobanuro bimwe. Intumwa ntagereranywa. Ukurikije icyiciro cyiterambere, hariho: igisekuru cya mbere cyibisobanuro bisobanutse, igisekuru cya kabiri cyibisobanuro hamwe nibisekuru bya gatatu bisobanurwa neza. Igisekuru cya gatatu cyibisobanuro byiswe nanone byitwa igisekuru gishya cyibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije, bifite icyatsi kandi cyangiza ibidukikije. Azwiho umutekano no gukora neza, nicyerekezo cyiterambere cyigihe kizaza cyinganda zikora ibirahure hamwe nuburyo byanze bikunze bwo kugera kubintu bitarimo arsenic mubikorwa byikirahure. Igipimo rusange ni 0.4% -0,6% byicyiciro. Ibisobanuro bisobanutse byakoreshejwe cyane mubirahure by'amacupa, imipira y'ibirahure (alkali yo hagati, idafite alkali), ikirahuri cyimiti, ikirahure cyumuriro wamashanyarazi, ikirahuri cya elegitoronike, ibirahuri-ceramika nibindi birahure. Inganda.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza-06-2021